Dystonia Treatment

No one dystonia treatment has been found universally effective. Instead, physicians use a array of therapies intended at reducing or eliminating muscle spasms and pain.

Medication:  Numerous classes of drugs that may help amend imbalances in neurotransmitters have been found helpful. But response to drugs varies among patients and even in the same patient over time. The most helpful therapy is often individualized, with physicians prescribing numerous types of drugs at different doses to treat symptoms and generate the least side effects. Note that not all of the medications mentioned below are currently available for patients in the United States.

Frequently, the first drug administered belongs to a group that reduces the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Drugs in this group involve trihexyphenidyl, benztropine, and procyclidine HCl. Sometimes these medications can be numbing, especially at elevated doses, and this can check their usefulness.

Drugs that regulate the neurotransmitter GABA may be used in combination with these drugs or alone in patients with mild symptoms. GABA-regulating drugs include the muscle relaxants diazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam, and baclofen.

Other drugs act on dopamine, a neurotransmitter that helps the brain fine-tune muscle movement. Some drugs which amplify dopamine effects include levodopa/carbidopa and bromocriptine. DRD has been remarkably responsive to small doses of this dopamine-boosting treatment. On the other hand, patients have occasionally benefited from drugs that decrease dopamine, such as reserpine or the investigational drug tetrabenazine. Once again, side effects can limit the use of these medications.

Anticonvulsants including carbamazepine, commonly prescribed to manage epilepsy, have occasionally helped individuals with dystonia.

Botulinum toxin: Tiny amounts of this familiar toxin can be injected into affected muscles to impart temporary relief of focal dystonias. First used to handle blepharospasm, such injections have gained wider acceptance among physicians for treating other focal dystonias. The toxin stops muscle spasms by blocking release of the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The effect lasts for up to numerous months before the injections have to be repeated.

Surgery and other treatments: Surgery may be recommended for some patients when medication is unsuccessful or the side effects are too critical. In selected cases, advanced generalized dystonias have been helped, at least temporarily, by surgical destruction of parts of the thalamus, a structure deep in the brain that helps control movement. Speech disturbance is a special risk accompanying this procedure, since the thalamus lies near brain structures that help direct speech. Surgically cutting or removing the nerves to the affected muscles has helped some focal dystonias, including blepharospasm, spasmodic dysphonia and torticollis. The benefits of these operations, however, can be short-lived. They also bear the threat of disfigurement, can be unpredictable, and are irreversible.

Some patients with spasmodic dysphonia may benefit from treatment by a speech-language pathologist. Physical therapy, splinting, stress management, and biofeedback may also help individuals with certain forms of dystonia